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Champignon du mois – Mars 2021

Olivia Vong 139 Comments 15 likes

Mars 2021

Le complexe d’espèces Rasamsonia argillacea

REGNE : Eumycota (Fungi)
PHYLUM: Dikarya, Ascomycota
SOUS-DIVISION : Pezizomycotina
CLASSE : Eurotiomycètes
ORDRE : Eurotiales
FAMILLE : Trichocomaceae
GENRE : Rasamsonia

Le genre Rasamsonia a été créé en 2011 suite à la révision du genre Geosmithia. En effet, l’analyse phylogénétique (basée sur les séquences nucléotidiques des espaceurs transcrits internes (Internal Transcribed Spacers, ITS) 1 et 2 de l’ADN ribosomique et d’une partie des gènes codant la bêta-tubuline et la calmoduline) a conduit à reclasser certaines espèces du genre Geosmithia dans un nouveau genre Rasamsonia qui comporte actuellement 12 espèces distinctes, dont quatre sont regroupées au sein du complexe d’espèces Rasamsonia argillacea : R. argillacea sensu stricto, R. aegroticola, R. piperina et R. eburnea (Figure 1).

Figure 1 : Arbre phylogénétique des espèces du genre Rasamsonia généré par une analyse du maximum de vraisemblance (modèle GTR, 100 réplicats) basée sur la combinaison des séquences des régions ITS (séquence complète), BenA et Cmd (séquences partielles). Les valeurs de support Bootstrap supérieures à 80% sont indiquées sur chaque nœud. Talaromyces flavus NRRL 2098 est utilisé comme groupe externe. Les souches types sont inscrites en caractères gras et en italique.

La première description chez l’homme date de 1999 et se rapportait à une colonisation de l’arbre respiratoire chez un patient atteint de mucoviscidose. Depuis, trois des quatre espèces constituant le complexe R. argillacea (R. aegroticola, R. argillacea sensu stricto et R. piperina) sont régulièrement décrites dans ce contexte, R. aegroticola étant l’espèce prédominante. En Europe, la prévalence de ces champignons varie de 0,4% à 2,3% chez le patient mucoviscidosique. Néanmoins, leur fréquence d’isolement est probablement sous-estimée en raison de leur confusion possible avec les champignons des genres Penicillium et Paecilomyces. Plus rarement, ces espèces sont rapportées chez des patients atteints de granulomatose septique familiale au cours de laquelle elles sont majoritairement responsables de pneumonies, mais aussi d’infections disséminées à point de départ pulmonaire.

L’écologie de ces champignons et les modalités d’acquisition chez l’homme sont mal connues. Une contamination par inhalation de spores aéroportées présentes dans l’environnement est toutefois hautement probable, la majorité des isolats cliniques du complexe R. argillacea provenant de prélèvements respiratoires.

Les espèces du complexe R. argillacea sont phénotypiquement très proches. Elles présentent une croissance rapide, les colonies arrivant à maturité au bout de 3 à 5 jours à 37°C (espèces thermophiles). Celles-ci sont de couleur crème et présentent une surface veloutée à finement poudreuse (Figure 2A). Le verso est incolore (Figure 2B). Sur le plan microscopique, les champignons du genre Rasamsonia se caractérisent par des conidiophores fins et hyalins, d’aspect rugueux, qui portent à leur sommet des structures de type pénicilles mono-, bi- ou triverticillés (Figure 2C). Les phialides présentent un col effilé et donnent naissance à des spores unicellulaires disposées en chaînes basipètes. Les conidies sont habituellement cylindriques (plus rarement ellipsoïdales), ce qui constitue un critère majeur pour la différenciation avec d’autres champignons produisant des structures de type pénicilles. Cependant, l’identification précise des espèces du genre Rasamsonia reste difficile et ne peut être uniquement basée sur des critères morphologiques. L’essor de la spectrométrie de masse de type MALDI-TOF pour l’identification des champignons filamenteux aidera probablement à surmonter cette difficulté. En effet, certaines bases de données “maison” ou en ligne permettent désormais de distinguer les espèces au sein du complexe argillacea (ce qui est actuellement impossible avec les bases de données commercialisées qui ne comprennent pas les différentes espèces du genre Rasamsonia). Le séquençage des régions ITS, BenA et/ou Cmd peut également être mis à profit pour cette distinction. En outre, des techniques d’amplification des séquences répétitives de l’ADN permettent une caractérisation infra-spécifique des souches.

Figure 2 : Rasamsonia aegroticola (souche responsable d’une colonisation chronique chez une patiente mucoviscidosique) après 7 jours d’incubation à 37°C sur gélose de Sabouraud. Aspect macroscopique au recto (A) et au verso (B) : colonie de texture veloutée, sans exsudat ni pigment diffusible. C, aspect microscopique (grossissement X1000) : conidiophores biverticillés avec ramifications subterminales; conidies à paroi lisse de forme essentiellement cylindrique.

L’identification précise des espèces du complexe R. argillacea est essentielle d’un point de vue thérapeutique dans la mesure où leur profil de sensibilité se distingue nettement de ceux des genres Penicillium et Paecilomyces dont elles sont morphologiquement proches. En effet, toutes les espèces du complexe R. argillacea présentent une résistance naturelle au voriconazole et à l’isavuconazole, ainsi qu’une sensibilité variable à l’itraconazole, au posaconazole et à l’amphotéricine B. En revanche, les échinocandines présentent des concentrations minimales inhibitrices basses vis-à-vis des différentes espèces du complexe, notamment la micafungine. Il en est de même pour l’olorofim (F901318), molécule antifongique appartenant à la nouvelle classe des orotomides. Compte tenu de la faible efficacité des dérivés azolés, une surveillance attentive de la colonisation chronique des voies respiratoires chez les sujets atteints de mucoviscidose reste primordiale.

Ces dernières années, les espèces du complexe R. argillacea ont été rapportées de façon croissante en médecine humaine. Il convient de garder à l’esprit qu’une meilleure connaissance de ces pathogènes, aujourd’hui considérés comme émergents, est indispensable pour guider le choix thérapeutique et ainsi améliorer la prise en charge des patients.

Pour plus d’informations, consulter :

  1. Giraud S, Favennec L, Bougnoux M-E, Bouchara JP. Rasamsonia argillacea species complex: taxonomy, pathogenesis and clinical relevance. Future Microbiol. 2013;8: 967–978.
  2. Houbraken J, Spierenburg H, Frisvad JC. Rasamsonia, a new genus comprising thermotolerant and thermophilic Talaromyces and Geosmithia species. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2012;101:403-421.
  3. Houbraken J, Giraud S, Meijer M, Bertout S, Frisvad JC, Meis JF, Bouchara JP, Samson RA. Taxonomy and antifungal susceptibility of clinically important Rasamsonia species. J Clin Microbiol. 2013; 51:22-30.
  4. Houbraken J, Kocsubé S, Visagie CM, Yilmaz N, Wang XC, Meijer M, Kraak B, Hubka V, Bensch K, Samson RA, Frisvad JC. Classification of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces and related genera (Eurotiales): An overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species. Stud Mycol. 2020;95:5-169.
  5. Kirchhoff L, Dittmer S, Buer J, Rath PM, Steinmann J. In vitro activity of olorofim (F901318) against fungi of the genus, Scedosporium and Rasamsonia as well as against Lomentospora prolificans, Exophiala dermatitidis and azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(3):106105.
  6. Mouhajir A, Matray O, Giraud S, Mély L, Marguet C, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Le Gal S, Labbé F, Person C, Troussier F, Ballet JJ, Gargala G, Zouhair R, Bougnoux ME, Bouchara JP, Favennec L. Long-term Rasamsonia argillacea complex species colonization revealed by PCR amplification of repetitive DNA sequences in cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54:2804-2812.

Anne Totet et Yohann Le Govic
(CHU Amiens-Picardie, Parasitologie et Mycologie & Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UR 4294)

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