Actin cytoskeleton and complex cell architecture in an Asgard archaeon
Article : https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05550-y.pdf?pdf=button%20sticky
Des analyses métagénomiques récentes sur le superphylum des Asgardarchaeota a permis de mettre en évidence une émergence plus direct des cellules eucaryotes vis-à-vis des archaea contrairement à l’hypothèse initiale les plaçant à côté des bactéries. En effet, la découverte de la présence d’un grand nombre de gènes de protéines à signature eucaryotes (ESPs pour eukaryotic signature proteins), telles que les protéines impliquées dans la formation du cytosquelette dans le génome des Asgardarchaea alors que ces structures ne sont supposées être présentes que chez les eucaryotes, a constitué un premier indicateur de la proximité du phylum des Eukarya avec celui des Asgardarchaeota. Or aucune preuve visible de la production de ces protéines ou de la formation du cytosquelette n’avait été mise en évidence jusqu’à présent. Dans un article paru dans Nature, le 21 décembre 2022, les auteurs se sont basés sur la récente découverte que Candidatus prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum, appartenant à une lignée d’archées Asgard, semblait produire de longues protusions, lorsqu’il était en culture, sans pouvoir en montrer l’architecture intracellulaire. Cette découverte apportait néanmoins de nouveaux indices relatifs à l’eucaryogénèse. C’est pourquoi, dans cette présente étude, les auteurs, après avoir effectuées des prélèvements dans la méditerranée d’échantillons de sédiments marins, ont pu faire croitre et identifier une nouvelle lignée de Lokiarchaea appelée Candidatus Lokiarchaeum ossiferum Loki-B35 appartenant donc à un nouveau genre et nouvelle espèce, mais à la même classe des Lokiarchaeia. Utilisant différentes approches telles que la Cryo-ET, MEB et l’immunofluorescence, les auteurs ont pu démontrer la présence de filaments d’actine dans la cellule (utilisant par exemple des anticorps anti-Lokiactin ou la RT-qPCR), une plasticité membranaires digne des cellules eucaryotes ainsi que de très nombreuses protrusions ramifiées. Le fait que la culture rapide de ces cellules soit possible ouvre de nombreuses portes en tant que système modèle pour étudier l’assemblage et le trafic macromoléculaire, la division cellulaire ou encore la régulation spatiotemporelle du cytosquelette, avec à disposition les 258 ESPs identifiées dans le génome.
Analyse phylogénétique de Ca. L. ossiferum. Analyse du maximum Likelihood basée sur la concaténation de 23 protéines ribosomales conservées universellement. Arbre de vie montrant que les Eukarya et Asgardarechaeota sont sur des groupes monophylétiques avec un ancêtre commun.
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