Charles Henriot : charles.henriot@univ-fcomte.fr
Directeur de thèse : Didier Hocquet / Codirectrice de thèse : Gudrun Bornette
Risque environnemental lié aux bactéries pathogènes et antibiorésistantes
Les bactéries pathogènes et résistantes aux antibiotiques provenant de sources ponctuelles (stations d’épuration, fermes, etc.) et diffuses (contamination des eaux pluviales (ruissellement) par les boues d’épuration et le fumier) contaminent fréquemment les rivières. La contamination des eaux de surface dépend de la capacité de ces microbes à survivre lors des transferts longitudinaux (amont – aval), latéraux (rivières – zones humides) et verticaux (eau de surface – aquifères, surfaces contaminées – aquifères). Elle dépendra également des conditions abiotiques (e.g. nutriments, température) et biotique (e.g. communautés microbiennes autochtones) des écosystèmes réceptacles. Les zones humides des plaines inondables sont particulièrement vulnérables à la contamination des pathogènes, car elles sont souvent reliées aux rivières par des débordements et des reflux lors des inondations, mais aussi par les infiltrations de la rivière. En outre, la pression agricole est souvent forte dans ces plaines alluviales, avec la fertilisation des sols, parfois avec des boues de stations d’épuration, susceptibles de contaminer les aquifères et les eaux de surface.
L’objectif du projet est de mener une étude pionnière sur la relation entre le fonctionnement des plaines alluviales (rivières, zones humides, aquifères) et le risque sanitaire et environnemental associé aux bactéries pathogènes pour l’Homme, en accordant une attention particulière à la multirésistance. Nous nous intéresserons à trois bactéries pathogènes humaines : Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae et Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ces espèces ont été choisies car elles sont de bons marqueurs de l’activité anthropique et parce qu’elles peuvent facilement accumuler des déterminant de résistance aux antibiotiques. Nous nous concentrerons sur trois rivières du Massif Jurassien (Ain, Doubs et Loue) dont les fonctionnements et la pression anthropique divergent.
Ici, nous souhaitons donc comprendre toute la chaîne de contamination de l’environnement naturel aquatique constitué par les rivières, leurs aquifères et leurs zones humides adjacentes, par les bactéries pathogènes et multirésistantes associées à l’Homme.
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