- L’évolution des endosymbiotes peut passer par le gain génétique !
Les associations symbiotiques entre bactéries et eucaryotes sont omniprésentes et jouent des rôles essentiels dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes et l’évolution de la complexité biologique. Le paradigme actuel postule que la trajectoire évolutive des symbiotes intracellulaires obligatoires – c’est-à-dire les endosymbiotes – passe par une réduction de leur génome et une rationalisation de leur métabolisme. Dans un nouvel article paru en Janvier, Dharamshi et al. étudient l’évolution dans le phylum Chlamydiaeles. Les Chlamydiae sont omniprésentes dans les échantillons environnementaux, mais ils sont aussi des agents pathogènes chez l’homme et certains des animaux avec une charge sanitaire élevée et un potentiel zoonotique important. Dans cet étude, les auteurs ont reconstitué presque 12 000 familles de gènes et montrent que l’ancêtre des Chlamydiae était déjà adapté à un mode de vie endosymbiotique, puisqu‘il possédait déjà des gènes pour interagir avec l’hôte (notamment le système de sécrétion de type III), et d’autres liés au le parasitisme énergétique (gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse et dégradation du glycogène). En plus, les Chlamydiae n’auraient pas évolué à partir d’un ancêtre aérobe mais plutôt à partir d’un anaérobe facultatif et mobile.
Plus étonnant, au cours de leur évolution vers l’endosymbiose, les Chlamydiae ont augmenté (et pas diminué) leur contenu génétique par transfert horizontal. Spécifiquement, ils ont acquis des nouveaux gènes impliqués dans différentes voies métaboliques y compris celles facilitant la tolérance à l’oxygène et l’expansion de la chaîne respiratoire.
Pour plus d’information :
Dharamshi, J.E., Köstlbacher, S., Schön, M.E. et al.Gene gain facilitated endosymbiotic evolution of Chlamydiae. Nat Microbiol8, 40–54 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01284-9
- Notre analyse et prédictions des traits des micro-organismes dans les environnements sont toujours et encore biaisées par les génomes de référence
Les collections de culture restent les points de référence pour l’étude de la physiologie, du métabolisme et de la pathogénicité chez les micro-organismes, ainsi que pour l’obtention de séquences génomiques de haute qualité, comme celles de la base de données RefSeq du NCBI. DLes milliers de génomes procaryotes sont maintenant disponibles permettant des analyses à grande échelle des processus façonnant la structure et l’évolution des génomes. D’autre part les informations de ces références génomiques, combinées aux bases de données de phénotypes construites également à partir des cultures, servent à la prédiction du contenu génétique et des caractéristiques probables d’autres lignées microbiennes observées dans des échantillons environnementaux (e.g., à l’aide d’outils comme PICRUSt, Tax4Fun, FAPROTAX). Cependant, comme la grande majorité de la diversité microbienne existante restant encore non cultivable, il est ainsi fortement possible que les prédictions extrapolées sur les communautés naturelles soient biaisées et déformées par le savoir acquis sur les références, et limiterait par exemple notre capacité à découvrir de nouvelles fonctions biochimiques. Il est donc nécessaire de quantifier systématiquement la distribution réelle des traits à travers les lignées microbiennes et de déterminer les biais des traits dans les bases de données des génomes de référence (et par extension, dans les cultures).
Pour combler cette lacune, 116 884 génomes assemblés à partir de données métagénomiques (MAGs) et disponibles publiquement ont été comparés à la base RefSeq, qui repose fortement sur les données de cultures. La distribution de 12 454 orthologues de gènes KEGG (utilisés comme indicateurs de traits) ont été comparés dans les MAG et les génomes RefSeq, tout en tenant compte de leur environnement d’origine (i.e., océan, sol, lac, bioréacteur, humain et autres animaux). À l’aide d’une modélisation statistique, il a été calculé quelle était la probabilité qu’une espèce soit représentée dans RefSeq en fonction de son répertoire génétique. Les résultats suggèrent que les efforts actuels de culture et de séquençage de génomes entiers associés sont fortement biaisés en faveur ou contre une variété de traits, en particulier parmi les micro-organismes associés aux océans et aux sols. Ces biais conduisent à une distribution déformée des gènes/traits annotés dans les bases de données de référence, ce qui compromet les conclusions écologiques voire évolutives que l’on peut tirer de ces distributions.
Pour plus d’information :
Albright, S., Louca, S., 2023. Trait biases in microbial reference genomes. Sci Data 10, 84.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-01994-7
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